筆記
Chapter 1
- Domains: scientific (floating point), business (report, decimal), AI (symbolic), system programming (efficiency), scripting, special-purpose
- evaluation criteria: readability (most importnat), writability, reliability, cost, portability, generality, well-definess
- architecture: Von Neumann
- data / instruction in memory
- CU, ALU
- category
- impertive (variables, assigment, statements, iteration)
- functional (function, function, and functions)
- logic (rule-based)
- object-oriented (encapsulation, inheritance, dynamic type binding)
- Compilation
- Programs are translated into machine language
- Pure Interpretation
- Programs are interpreted by another program known as an
interpreter
- Hybrid Implementation Systems
- A compromise between compilers and pure interpreters
Chapter 3
- syntax: structure of a language
- semantic: meanings
- lexeme: smallest syntactic unit
- recognizer 是給一篇文章,要辨識是不是這個語言 / generator 是給文法,要你生一篇文章
- grammar: _finite_ nonempty set of rules
- sentential form: derivation 裡的每一句的都算是 (including non-terminals and terminals)
- procedence 高的會在樹下面
- EBNF 中 {} 是 0 or more times
- Attribute Grammar
- 每個 node X 都有一些 attributes A(X)
- X → X_1 … X_n
- synthesized attribute of X 是用 X_1 .. X_n 的 A() 組成的,也就是只跟 children 有關(因為他們的是你傳下去的)
- inherited attribute of X_j 則是用 X, X_1 … X_{j-1} 組成的,也就是只跟 parent 還有 left sibling 有關
- predicated function used to ensure syntax and static sementics rules are obeyed
- intrinsic attribute 是 left nodes 的 synthesized attribute(照定義,會跑出樹)
- operational semantics
- axiomatic semantics: proving correctness
- rule of inference
- (I and B) S {I} ⇒ {I} while B do S end {Q} 重點是 I 要滿足 P ⇒ I / \{I and B\} S \{I} / (I and not B)) ⇒ Q / loop termination
- denotational semantics: based on recursion function
- 對每個 entity 定義一個 mathematical object 然後定義把每個 entity 對應到 mathematical object 的 function
- 跟 operational semantics 的差別是,前者用 code algo. 來定義,後者走數學來定義
Chapter 5
- names
- length
- case
- keyword (context sensitive) / reserve words
- variable
- (name, addr, value, type, lifetime, scope)
- binding, an association
- static (before runtime and cannot change) / dynamic (at runtime or changeable)
- lifetime 只要還在 memory 中就算,即使你摸不到也可以(在 scope 外)
- stack-dynamic 是說那種在 stack 上長的變數,有這種才有辦法做 recursion
- implicit heap-dynamic 是說像是 Perl/JavaScript string (or array) 那種
- explicit heap-dynamic 執行中產生出來的變數 例如 new
- strong typing 是說所有 type errors 都可以抓出來
- 有 union or record 的就不是了
- Java 跟 Ada 幾乎算是,但是像是 Java 把 int 跟 floating 做運算,因為 int 會被強迫轉 floating 所以不算
- type compatibility
- name type compatibility: type name 一樣才算
- structure type compatibility: 兩個 type 有一樣個 structure 就算,比較寬,但是很難做
- scope
- static, often encourages global
- dynamic, convenient but poor readability
- referencing enviroment 是說你現在可以摸到的所有 variables
- named constant 是說它的 value *只*有在它 bind 到 storage 的時候才會 bind,換句話說,之後就不能改
- initialization 則是說 value 在 variable bind 到 storage 的時候,一起 bind 上去
Chapter 6
- primitive data type, not defined by other types
- ordinal type, 可以跟正整數有一個對應的東東
- subrange type: 不是新的 type,增加 readibility 跟 error detection
- array
- static: subscript ranges 跟 storage 都是 static binding
- fixed stack dynamic: subscript static binding, storage 在宣告的時候才 bind
- stack dynamic: subscript 跟 storage 都 dynamic binding,但是好了就不能改
- heap-dynamic: 同上,但是之後可以改
- row/column major
- union
- Ada 的有用 tag 來分實際上的 type, discriminated union
- C 之類的則沒有, free union
- pointer
- dangling pointer :o
- tombstone: 透過這個來指 memory,當 delete 的時候設成 nil,如果有人又指到 nil 那就可以抓出來
- locks-and-keys: pointer 多記一個 key,memory 多塞一個 lock,在 new 的時候把 lock = key,delete 的時候去看 lock 跟 key 一不一樣
- best solution is left deallocation of heap-dynamic vars to system
- heap management
- 比較勤勞的是 reference counter,懶惰的是 garbage collection
- losing space(new 了又不用..)
Chapter 7
- operators 的 precedence 跟 associativity
- 影響到的是相鄰的 operator,也就是中間只差一個 operand
- 解決 function side affects 的方法
- 不准寫!可是這樣子太苦了(不能玩 two-way parameters)
- 固定 evaluation 順序,但是一些 optimization 就不能做了,像是 common subexpression elimation (CSE)
- coercion 是指 implicit type conversion,會減少 compiler detect type error 的機會
- short-circuit 會被 expression 的 side effect 影響,比如說 (a>b) || (b++/3),因為有 short-circuit,你不能確定 b 到底有沒有 +1
- (C, C++, Jave) (a>b) ? a : b = 0,反正左邊是拿 l-value,所以沒差
Chapter 8
- 所有的 control statements 都可以只用 two-way selection 跟 pretest 的 loop 幹掉
- dangling else
- Dijkstra, 1975, Guarded Commands
- 在 selection 的時候,你不應該假設每個條件的順序
- 主要是希望曾在寫程式的時候,就可以去驗證